TV and Film Violence Essay Example for Free

Television and Film Violence Essay Does the brutality in films and on TV add to viciousness in the public eye? This inquiry has been bantered for quite a long time. During that time about 2,500 books and articles have been composed on the impacts of TV and film brutality on human conduct. In this article would sum up some the most recent intuition regarding this matter. The aftereffects of one of the most broad examinations at any point done regarding the matter of savagery and TV were discharged in 2003. Scientists followed 329 subjects more than 15 years. They found that the individuals who as youngsters were presented to brutal TV shows were substantially more prone to later be sentenced for wrongdoing. Analysts said that, Media savagery can influence any youngster from any family, paying little mind to social class or child rearing. Young ladies who observed in excess of a normal measure of brutality would in general toss things at their spouses. Young men who grew up viewing savage TV demonstrates were bound to be vicious with their spouses. Analysts finished up in Developmental Psychology that, Every savage TV show expands somewhat the probability of a kid growing up to carry on more forcefully. Well gander at a greater amount of the exploration in a second. Canada was one of the principal nations to broadly explore this issue. The aftereffects of their examinations incited a portion of their designers to devise the V-Chip. As you may know, the V-Chip permits guardians to bolt out TV programming they think about shocking to their kids. In spite of the fact that the worry in Canada was fundamentally savagery (consequently the V-chip), in the United States there is likewise extraordinary worry about sexual substance presumably more than in most other industrialized social orders. Thus, the V-chip can be modified to screen out both brutality and sex. Cause-Effect Proof An unmistakable reason impact connection between media savagery and viciousness in the public eye is entangled by the way that youngsters are normally presented to numerous upgrades as they grow up, huge numbers of which could assume a job in later conduct. For instance, during a childs life we cannot limit the job of such things as brutal computer games, the social estimations of guardians and companions, or general day to day environments. On the off chance that you eat something that you have not attempted previously and quickly become ill, you will most likely expect theres an immediate connection between the two. What's more, if at some later date you disregard your first experience and eat something very similar once more, and promptly become ill once more, you can be genuinely certain that whatever you ate makes you debilitated. No advanced science here, simply clear circumstances and logical results. Shockingly, with regards to brutality in the media, the circumstances and logical results isn't as promptly evident. A couple of decades prior you would see specialists in TV plugs embracing a specific brand of cigarettes. Numerous clinical specialists smoked. Not today. Today the proof is clear: smoking is the main source of preventable heath issues and unexpected passing in the United States. In spite of the fact that for a considerable length of time the cigarette makers stifled proof that connected smoking to medical issues, in the end the reason impact relationship got evident to any individual who needed explore the realities. In contrast to the circumstances and logical results in the case of your eating something and promptly becoming ill, the impacts of cigarette smoking arent quickly evident. Its solitary years after the fact that numerous smokers create lung malignant growth, heart issues, emphysema, sexual issues, and so forth. Similarly subsequent to taking a gander at long stretches of collected information were presently perceiving a connection between savagery in the media and social issues. The consequences of an investigation discharged in March, 2002 that followed 700 male and female adolescents over a seventeen-year time frame indicated an unequivocal connection between TV seeing propensities and demonstrations of animosity and wrongdoing in the later life. All other conceivable contributing ecological components, for example, destitution, living in a rough neighborhood, and disregard, were calculated out of this examination. As indicated by one of the creators of the investigation, the discoveries help concrete the connection among TV and savagery. The investigation is point by point in Science. | Violence and TV Ratings Its notable that TV savagery holds a fascination for most watchers and this fascination converts into evaluations and benefits. Along these lines, most media officials have been hesitant to concede that media brutality is in any capacity answerable for viciousness in our general public. In the event that it werent for the appraisals and benefits included, makers would without a doubt be significantly more ready to recognize the mischief in TV and film viciousness and take care of business. After numerous secondary school understudies kicked the bucket in a shooting frenzy at Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado in April, 1999, numerous individuals rushed to accuse the media. Fierce computer games and a notable film were viewed as contributing elements. All things considered, a reasonable circumstances and logical results is difficult to set up. For instance, a large number of youngsters were presented to both of these impacts for the duration of their lives without going on a deadly frenzy. Yet, when you include extraordinary resentment, simple access to firearms, and an unconcerned and irreverent mentality toward the lives of others, the outcomes can be totally different. In 1992, TV Guide charged an investigation of an average 18-hour TV communicate day to decide levels of brutality. The systems and the more well known link channels were checked for intentional, obvious, purposeful conduct including physical power or weapons against others. There were 1,846 demonstrations of viciousness that separated along these lines.

Civilization in Africa

The period of African human advancement is a pre-pilgrim history of 16,000 BC through 1800. Africa is notable with decent variety of culture and numerous provincial experts. The human progress runs generally from the social and social perspectives. It doesn't reject the innovation and the economy.From a goal outline, it will be exhibited that accounts and development of Africa since 1800 is an intimation to understanding the basic jobs played by the African individuals and landmass all in all in the family history of human race. The point †human advancement in Africa is boundless. We will consider each heading in brief.IntroductionAfrica is an enormous mainland of monstrous populace clans and size, nearly covering an entire twelve million squares scene in miles. This separation is times three of the United States of America. Lion's share of the land mass is arranged along the globe tropics. Others are downpour woods, tropical timberland including under 10% of the continent.Much of its surface is wrapped by open prairie, Savanna’s forestation, dry plain land and deserts. In topographical and land terms, Africa is framed by various â€Å"high levels broken in the east by the Great Rift Valley and the mountains that encompass it; huge waterways †River Congo, River Nile, River Zambezi, and River Niger.Begin in the inside of the landmass and stream to the ocean over the incredible falls and waterfalls; this denotes the channel starting from the plateau the coast†.The Ghana EmpireColonized in the southeastern Mauritania, Western Mali, and Eastern Senegal. It started in the eighth century with a sensational float in Sahel economy region southern Sahara. At first, camel was presented. This went before Muslims and Islam hundreds of years back. Afterward, there was presentation evolutional exchange, broad gold, ivory, and salt resources.These were sent to North Africa, Middle East and Europe in a trade or other required produced products and items . The achievement of the domain was associated notwithstanding previously mentioned trade, from rich â€Å"trans-Saharan exchange gold and salt†. They oversee other rewarding exchanges. Notwithstanding its prosperity, Ghana could harbor armed force of more than 200,000 soldiers.The Mali EmpireFounded by Sundiata Keita, and rules from 1235 to 1600. Also called Manding Empire or Manden Kurufa. Of significance are the social impacts Mali Empire had on West Africa in â€Å"terms of language, laws and customs.† Kouroukan Fouga reigned in Mali Empire with an outstanding social and financial change, soothing mal-took care of slaves, empowering ladies in power.Mansa Mari reigned vanquished a few symbols in Mali domain. With this, he decided a bigger domain that out ways that o Ghana Empire, stretching out over a thousand miles east to west. Having brought together Manden, Mari included â€Å"Wagara goldfields† among the vanquished lands were northern business towns Oula ta and Audaghost. Mali Empire was to be sure great.The Mutapa EmpireSimply implies â€Å"conquered land†. The domain was made by Rozi o the present day Shonans. â€Å"The author of the decision line was Mbire, a semi-legendary overlord dynamic in the thirteenth century. Mbire's implied incredible extraordinary grandson Nyatsimba was the primary ruler to accept the title of the â€Å"owner of the Conquered Lands and Peoples.†Mutapa Empire endure dependent on the Chinaware and textures were traded for lavish gold before the states fallen and moved to Mount Fura. Portuguese endeavored to overwhelm Shona yet fizzled (Fernand Braudel).CivilizationAgricultureOwing that the main trained developments were sorghums and millets, the cause of horticultural human advancement is followed far toward the West Asia. The channel of rural transportation is set apart to have gone through the Egypt or Ethiopia; the two of them had contact with the Red Sea. The agrarian human advancement is followed far as 3000 B.C.The paper of Sahara, moving individuals toward the south sub-Saharan African gives a continued fish cultivating to job. African started to plant and build up its own yields. This didn't even now reject caution gathering on import nourishments from neighboring mainland in addendum. The primary region for African crops’ training ranges between Ethiopia through the southern Sudan to West Africa.The achievement of prior yields offered certainty to planting other money harvests, for example, bananas which were presented from the Southern Asia. In sixteenth century, maize, manioc, apples and different yields spread through the land from America.Livestock raising additionally began from outside the African mainland. Dairy cattle for instance were presented from Asia. Ponies spread across Sudan to West Africa from West Asia through the Hyksos †trespasser in Egypt. Live stock serves a mean of endurance in the dry area of Savanna belt and the Sahara.The spread of cows were essentially restricted by tsetse fly in certain piece of Africa. The fly is a bearer of causative life form causing resting ailment. As indicated by specialists, â€Å"the tsetse prospered in wet swamps territories beneath the ocean level of 3300 feet, and it seriously restricted pastoralism and furthermore upset the utilization of animals for cultivating and transport as away of life in huge zones of West and focal Africa.†Technological driftThe human advancement of Africa recorded an innovative move from innovation of stone to innovation of iron. The moving prior went consecutively through the phases of copper and bronze metallurgy. The Phoenicians moved the information on iron purifying innovation from Near East and Anatolia of Africa to their colonies.The information on iron refining had been in presence for over a thousand years B. C. From here, iron innovation moved toward the Western Europe. A portion of the confirmations of iron innovation startin g in Africa despite everything stay in significant piece of Nigeria culture, Ghana, and Mali.In the unrefined African, iron represented an ownership of Power. The metal forger made instruments and weapons from iron, the assets of which affirm the proprietors a significant spot in the society.America got late improvement in metallurgy. In the present humanized Africa, Africans have discovered a superior use in making cutleries, utensils and as a mean of income age fro exportation.EconomyAfricans for the most part possess a little walled in area with poor sanitation. This inferable from the poor economy condition prompted various avoidable and preventable winning illnesses. The governmental issues of bringing in crude materials to back the economy and create Africa stressed the provincial masters.The first pioneer reaction was somewhat a transition to isolate Africans from Asians and Europeans, and set up control laws, subsequently, the foundation of politically-sanctioned racial segr egation arrangement in South Africa in 1950. This approach later spread to Nairobi, Harare, Lusaka.With the hauling monetary downturn over years previously, costs of African sending out items fell definitely, prompting an articulated financial downturn and emergency. Initiatives of Africa loan some assistance from edified landmasses to rescue the enduring masses.With the information, the digging organizations for instance started to favor perpetual laborers, specialists changed some solid approaches to impact change and encourage development.The new arrangements principally fortified the land control by people, city development and all things considered make life simpler for a superior organization. Continuation of the presentation of the politically-sanctioned racial segregation arrangements, the urban relocation got an increase in 3.3% and an in general of 4.6% in Africa. A few difficulties that the approach is territorially limited. The development in economy further supported numerous other human progress plan Africa. Social luxuries and administrations, including grade schools, auxiliary schools, and even some tertiary organizations were constructed near the finish of the frontier era.With the aggregate help and the recover of financial downturn in 1930, foundations were created to meet the curious need of the individuals/masses. These were street developments, power network erection, and arrangement of borehole water among others.EducationGradually in mid 90s, African starts to go the world over looking for westernization. The revelation of western training has been a significant brake through in the continent.Through instruction, African turned out to be essentially free to deal with her own wellbeing, however with the restricted capacity to produce medications and gear. The appearance of data and innovation in the present edified Africa is a profit of scholastic freedom from numbness and hard life.ConclusionBut for progress, hard boat and sufferings would sum a slow wiped out of the human source itself-the African land. On the size of improvement numerous grounds are yet to be vanquished for African ward. Over 60% of Africans’ every day needs are as yet dependent on importation, the immense obligation to World Bank and IMF is a monetary oppression that talks uproarious of immature but then humanized Africa.When will Africa and the whole dark race be liberated from terrible authority that neglected to concentrate on the relevant needs in light of a legitimate concern for its economy? When will our mom land that brought forth countries be recovered from progressive dynamic annihilation? With an enlightened use of African inexhaustible characteristic assets, the room is generally open to ingested anticipating advancement and full civilization.ReferencesLobell, Jarrett (July/August 2002). â€Å"Etruscan Pompeii†. Archeological Institute of America 55 (4). Recovered on September 2007.Libourel, Anthony, Jan (1973). â₠¬Å"A Battle of Uncertain Outcome in the Second Samnite War†. American Journal of Philosophy 94 (1): 71. Recovered on Sep. 2007Diamond, Jared (1999). Weapons, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies. Norton.

Classes to Take for Psychology in High School

Classes to Take for Psychology in High School Student Resources Print High School Classes to Take for Psychology By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on September 17, 2019 Don Mason / Getty Images More in Student Resources APA Style and Writing Study Guides and Tips Careers What classes should people take in high school if they plan to major in psychology during college? Psychology classes would be ideal, of course, but many U.S. high schools only offer one or maybe two such courses â€" if they offer them at all. The reality is that the first exposure most students have to psychology is when they take Psych 101 during their first year of college. If you are thinking about majoring in psychology when you get to college, it is a good idea to start preparing as soon as possible. Taking specific high school courses can help you succeed in your college-level psychology classes. Just because your high school has a limited selection of psychology classes does not mean that youll be shortchanged on your academic preparation for college. Which Classes Should You Take Now If You Plan to Major in Psychology? Generally, you should focus on building a solid background in science and math while you are in high school. Excellent writing and communication skills are also essential, so English and speech courses can also be beneficial. In order to get a better idea of what high school classes you should take, schedule an appointment with your guidance counselor to discuss your academic plans. Your counselor can offer further advice on which courses might help you reach your goals. Browse through program catalogs or look at the course requirements of psychology programs online in order to learn more about the classes you will have to take in college. Some of the courses you should consider taking in high school include: AP Psychology If your high school offers an AP Psychology course, then you should benefit from this great opportunity. Not only does this course provide a great introduction to psychology, but it may also allow you the chance to earn college credits that will give you a head start on your degree. Writing/English/Speech Psychology students are expected to communicate effectively, both in verbal speech and in writing. Taking writing and speech courses in high school is a good way to develop solid communication skills that will be very useful later on. Biology Psychology and biology have a great deal in common, so taking high school biology courses can be very helpful. During your university studies, you will cover topics such as cell biology, human anatomy, brain anatomy, genetics, and evolution â€" topics all covered in high school biology courses. Algebra and Statistics Statistics play a vital role in psychology research, and nearly all psychology programs require at least one statistics course. Taking math classes in high school is a great way to ensure that you are prepared for the demands of college. High school courses in algebra and statistics will help you learn more about concepts including independent and dependent variables, exponents, probability, and graphs. Social Sciences Many university psychology programs recommend that high school students take plenty of social science courses including economics, history, government, geography, and sociology. These courses help increase your general knowledge base and help you develop critical thinking skills that will be important later in your academic studies and professional career. Final Thoughts Even if your high school does not offer psychology classes, there are still plenty of courses you can take that will help you later on in college. Psychology majors need a solid background in topics such as life science, social science, math, and communication. Concentrating your studies on such topics during high school will help give you the knowledge you need to succeed as a psychology major.

Fantasy Literature - 842 Words

Fantasy Literature and Fantastic Language ENG 290 Rachel De Luise University of Phoenix For the assignment I am to choose one poem and one work of fantasy from two different cultural traditions. Choosing the fantasy was easy, but choosing the poem was a little difficult for me. For the poem, I chose â€Å"High Flight† by John Gillespie Magee, Jr. The poem was listed in our textbook as a sonnet. A sonnet is a very old form of poetry, having gained prominence during the Renaissance period. It is also very sophisticated form and therefore not found much in poetry for children(Russell, Chapter 6, 2009). A sonnet contains fourteen lines; each line with five iambic feet or ten syllables. The rhyme scheme follows one of two different†¦show more content†¦The writer used fantasy to describe what it might be like in heaven and all things you can do in heaven. I think the fact that this is a poem is great. Poems are a good way to appeal to people. Especially in the world today. Poems do not take that much time to read or comprehend. They are simple and get the point across in a fun way. After reading this poem I think it represents kinesthetic images because kinesthetic images refers to actions or motions. The work of fantasy I chose is â€Å"Peter and Wendy.† A fantasy is any story of the impossible. Peter and Wendy is a fantasy story that is now called â€Å"Peter Pan.† Peter is a boy who does not want to grow up. He flew into Wendy’s room and lost his shadow. Once they found his shadow Wendy sewed it back on so he would not loose it again. While getting his shadow sewn back on Peter began telling Wendy and her siblings stories of Neverland. He told them that in Neverland you never have to grow up. Wendy and her siblings wanted to go with Peter. Peter sprinkled them with pixie dust and they all flew to Neverland where they met The Lost Boys, Captain Hook, and Tiger Lilly. Their journey to Neverland was filled with action and fantasy. In my opinion this fantasy would be considered a journey fantasy because they a ll go on a journey to Neverland. It can also be considered a magical fantasy because people do not really fly. I thinkShow MoreRelatedThe Establishment Of Wrongness : Fantasy Literature Essay1573 Words   |  7 PagesThe Establishment of Wrongness Fantasy literature typically follows the same formulaic flow of story through wrongness, thinning, recognition, and healing or return. Despite this typical progression of story, the way novels approach these themes and thread them together differs between each author. Wrongness, the recognition that the world is or is about to change, is the start of the chain reaction that pushes the story further. Three novels that provide variations on this theme are, The Year ofRead MoreHow Is A Fairy Tale Different From A Juvenile Fantasy Literature Novel?1761 Words   |  8 Pagesjuvenile fantasy literature novel? Many times both the fairy tale and the novel contain similar elements that make up a fairy tale, but why are they categorized differently? Is it the length of the novel compared to the fairy tale? Or is it something else? According to Crago, â€Å"A fairy tale is a narrative form which represents a society’s collective concerns with some aspect of ‘growing up,’ and it explores these concerns at the level of magical thought† (176). The juvenile fantasy literature novel,Read MoreThe Hero s Journey With Female Characters Within Epic Fantasy And Young Adult Literature Essay2336 Words   |  10 Pagesmy dissertation, I will be writing a young adult epic fantasy novel in order to explore whether or not there is a change in expectations to the hero’s journey if the hero is female rather than male. Within this, I will be investigating what it means to be a ‘strong’ female character, whether a romantic partner for the hero is needed for a successful journey, and the expectations of female characters within epic fantasy and young adult literature, including society’s expectations and portrayal of womenRead MoreLiterature And Fantasy Novels By Stephan King993 Words   |  4 PagesStephan King, an American author of horror, supernatural fiction and fantasy novels, shares his thoughts on writing and how to become a go od writer in the article named â€Å"On Writing†. According to him, the secret to being a good writer is in the writing and reading itself. Per Mr. King, one needs not only to write and read, but to enjoy doing it. As he wrote, there are no short cuts or easy ways to become a good writer without writing and reading a lot. Reading of books whether good or bad will helpRead MoreComic Cons: Science Fiction and Fantasy Literature 1297 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Comic Cons are conventions targeting a fan base of comic book, science fiction and fantasy literature enthusiasts. Cons, as they’re known by loyal fans, contain elements of a trade show and have grown in popularity since their inception in the early 1970s. In the beginning, comic book conventions and science fiction conventions, for the most part, remained independent of one another. In the last decade, however, they’ve fused to form international mega-conventions, in which crowds inRead MoreChildrens Literature Midterm Essay785 Words   |  4 Pagestraditional literature that answer questions about natural phenomena as acts of deities 2. The STW (see, think, wonder) strategy helps children develop visual literacy 3. Which subcategory of fairy tales most frequently uses animals as characters? Trickster tales 4. Which category of traditional literature is also considered poetry? Ballads 5. Which book was the FIRST significant fantasy novel ever published? Black Beauty 6. Tall tales originated in the U.S. 7. Type IV animal fantasy (told thoughRead MoreEscapism in Childrens Literature887 Words   |  3 PagesChildren’s literature can take many forms, from far-fetching science fiction to spell binding who-done-it mysteries. One of the most popular ideas presented in these various forms is that of escapism. The characters in these stories explore quite complex social issues in ways that are less confrontational then realism. One might consider why escape is such a central theme; as a child there are numerous benefits to fantasy, it allows readers to experiment with different views of the world and takesRead MoreEssay on Identifying The Day We Were Dogs1017 Words   |  5 PagesIdentifying The Day We Were Dogs      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Whether or not The Day We Were Dogs (1993) is a magical realist story is questionable. Often stories are misidentified because of the closeness of literature such as magical realism, the fantastic, and the sublime. The story leaves a lot to ones imagination instead of presenting it in the text. Elena Garro blends two days and two completely different worlds together in this story. The magical elements depend on how one uses his or her imaginationRead MoreThe Hobbit And Lord Of The Rings1510 Words   |  7 Pagesgenre-defining fantasy works such as The Hobbit and Lord of the Rings, before there even existed an actual fantasy genre at all, Lord Dunsany masterfully crafted the fantastical The King of Elfland’s Daughter, an opulent tapestry of a tale of what could happen in a typical fairy tale following the â€Å"happily ever after.† Writing in the early years of the twentieth century, Lord Dunsany was a pioneer in the fantasy genre. He very much belonged to an earlier, perhaps more enlightened age, when fantasy writersRead More C.S. Lewis on Misunderstanding Fantasy Essay4960 Words   |  20 PagesC.S. Lewis on Misunderstanding Fantasy â€Å"Good stories often introduce the marvelous or supernatural and nothing about Story has been so often misunderstood as this.† On Stories—C.S. Lewis The early decades of the last century saw the loss of credibility of fantasy literature among the academic elite who ruled it a popular genre with little to no scholarly merit. Little that had had the misfortune of being dubbed fantasy had escaped the blacklist cast upon the field. Many

Trade Between The United States And Australia - 1610 Words

Trade The United states of America and Australia are very effective trading partners. They trade through the Australia-United States Free Trade Agreement, which is a preferential trade agreement that was signed on the 18th of may 2004, but came into effect on the 1st of January 2005. APEC is a trade organization that incorporates 21 nations within the Asia Pacific region, and is used to discuss matters between these nations. Australia and the US are a considerably large distance away from each other, promoting communication through a third source; Guam. Finally, the US has a very detailed demographic statistic, much due to the nearly 319,000,000 people. Through these sub points, Australia’s trade agreement with the US is a very key†¦show more content†¦Australia s equalization of exchange has been unsteady as of late. In the period since 1994, little exchange surpluses were accomplished in 1997 ($0.8b) and in 2001 ($4.3b), with exchange deficiencies happening in every singl e other year. The exchange shortage was a record $22.4b in 2003, because of a blend of elements including the serious dry spell influencing rural fares, the high estimation of the Australian dollar in respect to different monetary standards, and the effect of the war in Iraq on global travel. Australia imports generously a larger number of merchandise and administrations from the USA than it fares to it. As shown in source B1, exports to the US are 15,533 million AUD, compared to the 39,181 million AUD that is imported from America. Australia’s exchange deficiency with the USA has enhanced marginally since 1998, from a top of $14.2b in that year, to $12.5b in 2003. It was at its most minimal in 2011 at $10.7b, when the $A conversion standard was least against the $US. Somewhere around 2010 and 2012 Australia s fares to the USA were worth over $16.2b every year, except they tumbled to $14.2b in 2013. The USA got 10% of Australia s aggregate fares in 2013, down from 12% in 2010. The USA s relative significance to Australia as a wellspring of imports has declined relentlessly in the course of recent years (down from 22% of aggregate imports in 1998

Was Dollarization a Success in Zimbabwe Free Essays

string(165) " research is in partial fulfillment of the requirements of a Bachelor of Commerce Honours Degree in Accounting at the National University of Science and Technology\." CHAPTER ONE [pic] 1. Introduction At independence in 1980 the Zimbabwe dollar replaced the Rhodesian dollar at par at a rate which was higher than the American dollar. Although this quickly deteriorated, it was not until the late nineties that a series of events led to the demise of the Zimbabwean dollar. We will write a custom essay sample on Was Dollarization a Success in Zimbabwe or any similar topic only for you Order Now In 2008 in an 18-month ‘experiment’, foreign currency was accepted as legal tender for transactions with a set number of retailers. Honorable Members will be aware that in the hyper-inflationary environment characterizing the economy at present, our people are now using multiple currencies for day to day business transactions, alongside the Zimbabwe dollar. These currencies include the South African Rand (ZAR), United States Dollar (USD), Botswana Pula (BWP), Euro, and British Pound Sterling, among others. In line with the prevailing practices by the general public, Government is, therefore, allowing the use of multiple foreign currencies for business transactions, alongside the Zimbabwe dollar. †[1] However, months later, in March of 2009, the newly instated Finance Minister, Tendai Biti, announced that the Zimbabwe dollar would be suspended indefinitely. [2] The main argument in this piece is that the Zimbabwean crisis in the 2000s and the subsequent stabilization of the economy were made possible by the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy in 2009. This article investigates the recent monetary experience of Zimbabwe with dollarization. It shows how dollarization has allowed Zimbabwe to quash hyper-inflation[3], restore stability, increase budgetary discipline, and re-establish monetary credibility. This paper analyses the effects of the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy in 2009, in the wake of devastating hyper-inflation and a political crisis that reached its zenith with the electoral crisis of 2008. Though there is a direct nexus between the two processes, the former cannot be exclusively ascribed to the latter; there are a host of other issues that have contributed to the economic and financial breakdown in Zimbabwe. 1. 11 The Background to the Problem The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe (RBZ) was forced to revalue the Zimbabwean dollar, three times in a space of less than three years, because of rampant hyper-inflation in the country. In August 2006, in an operation called ‘Sunrise 1’, the RBZ removed 3 zeroes from Zimbabwe’s currency and promised to introduce a new currency in the near future. In August 2008, exactly two years after the first revaluation, the RBZ slashed a further 10 zeroes from Zimbabwe’s currency, calling this ‘Sunrise II’. Rampaging hyper-inflation forced the government to erase another 12 zeroes in early February 2009. This was ‘Sunrise III’. Thus, a staggering 25 zeroes had been slashed from the Zimbabwean currency within a space of only three years. The hyper-inflation was just unsustainable, and when the Zimbabwean dollar was officially shelved in March 2009, the highest single denomination was a 100 trillion dollar note. When the 100 trillion dollar note was introduced on 16 January 2009, it was worth the equivalent of US$ 30 on the parallel market. The establishment of the Government of National Unity (GNU) saw the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy and the shelving of the Zimbabwean dollar in March 2009. Dollarization is a portfolio shift away from domestic currency to foreign currency, to fulfil the main functions of money – store of value, unit of account, and medium of exchange. It is typically a result of unstable macroeconomic conditions and is a rational response of people seeking to diversify their assets in the face of heightened domestic currency risk. Efforts to revive the battered Zimbabwean economy, largely through the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy are assessed through the lens of the banking sector. The banking sector thrived during the peak of the Zimbabwean crisis, as most banks became key players in highly speculative activities in areas such as Zimbabwe’s bullish stock exchange and real estate. The profits that were being realized in the banking sector trickled down to their workers who became the best remunerated workers amongst all the sectors in Zimbabwe. With dollarization of the economy in 2009, the once vibrant banking sector was suddenly facing the grim prospect of disintegration, which had plagued sectors such as teaching during the peak of the Zimbabwean crisis. The banking sector was adversely affected by the dollarization of the economy, as the speculative activities that were reaping huge rewards for the banks were wiped out overnight by the adoption of more stable currencies at the expense of the precarious Zimbabwean dollar. This spelt disaster for the banking fraternity, as most banks in the first few months of dollarization struggled to pay their workers in hard currency and instead were forced to downsize their operations and lay-off some of their employees. The paper argues that in complete contrast to most sectors in the economy, the banking sector boomed during the crisis, and the Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions (ZCTU) monthly remuneration lists in 2008 saw the banking workers consistently topping the lists. However, the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy turned the tables on this once prosperous sector, as bank workers like the bank tellers and other clerical workers found themselves being laid-off, as most banks struggled to remunerate their workers in hard currency. 1. 12 Objectives ? To assess the performance of the banking sector before and after dollarization. To investigate the effects of dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy on the banking sector. ? To investigate the advantages and disadvantages of dollarization on the banking sector. 1. 13 The Research Problem The effects of dollarization on the banking sector after the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy. 1. 14 The Research Question What effect does the dollari zation of the Zimbabwean economy have on the banking sector? 1. 15 Sub Questions 1. What is dollarization? 2. What are the forms of dollarization? 3. What are the costs of dollarization? 4. What are the benefits of dollarization? 5. What impact does dollarization have on the banking sector? 6. Was dollarization a success in Zimbabwe? 1. 17 Significance of the study To the researcher The research is in partial fulfillment of the requirements of a Bachelor of Commerce Honours Degree in Accounting at the National University of Science and Technology. You read "Was Dollarization a Success in Zimbabwe" in category "Papers" It will allow the researcher to have a deeper understanding and both theoretical and practical knowledge in the area of research and encourage a practical application of theoretical concepts on the area under study. To the banking sector The research is set to provide enlightment on the impact of dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy to the banking sector. To the university The research project will assist the university in coming up with a curriculum on the study of the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy and the impact that it had on the banking sector. 1. 18 Assumptions ? All respondents have adequate knowledge of the developments in their particular organizations. ? Respondents will give truthful responses adequate to make reasonable inferences. The researcher assumes that respondents will respond within a reasonable time period to enable the timetable to be adhered to. ? The researcher assumes that he will have enough financial resources to meet all the expenses. ? There will not be institutional disturbances that could delay completion of the project. ? Secondary data will be available. 1. 19 Literature Review Data will be collected from the textbooks, libraries, newspapers, journals and the internet. 1. 20 Theoretical Framework Was the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy a success to the banking sector? The research intends to use both primary and secondary sources of data. These sources of data will help to explore an analysis of what past researchers have brought to light in relation to the impact of the dollarization of the Zimbabwean economy on the banking sector. It is under this section that the researcher intends to explain various forms of dollarization. The benefits and costs of dollarization shall be explored through exclusive use of the internet and various text books and journals. 1. 21 Definitions of Terms For the purpose of this study the following abbreviations and definitions will be used. Hyper-inflation – Ruinously  high  increase (50  percent  or more per month) in  prices  due  to the near total  collapse  of a  country’s  monetary system, rendering its  currency  almost worthless as a  medium of exchange. Although hyperinflation is caused mainly by excessive  deficit spending  (financed by  printing  more  money) by a  government, some  economists  believe that social  breakdown  leads  to hyperinflation (not vice versa), and that its roots lie in political rather than economic  causes. 4] Dollarization – occurs when the inhabitants of a country use foreign  currency  in parallel to or instead of the domestic currency as a store of value, unit of account, and/or medium of exchange within the domestic economy. The term is not only applied to usage of the  United States dollar, but generally to the use of any foreign currency as the national currency. [5] BWP – Botswana Pula GNU – Government of National Unity USD – United States Dollar RBZ – Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe ZAR – South African Rand ZCTU- Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions 2. 00 Research Design Sample of people to send questionnaire is going to be based on knowledge, accessibility and convenience. 2. 11 Instruments for Data Collection The research will be based on both primary and secondary methods of collecting data which include surveys, interviews, questionnaires and published information and journals. The researcher will use a number of methods in the collection of primary and secondary information. The following methods will be used to gather primary information: ? Questionnaires- these will be designed and hand posted to the selected respondents. Sample of people to send questionnaire is going to be based on knowledge, accessibility and convenience. ? Interviews- interviews will be conducted to collect some of the information required in the research. The following sources will be used to tap all secondary data available about the subject: ? Use of textbooks ? The researcher in the course of the research will access newspapers, financial reports, business journals and the Internet. Information will also be attained through discussions with classmates and fellow researchers. 2. 2 Data Presentation and Analysis There will be use of tables, graphs and statistical tools/methods including pie charts in data presentation and analysis. These will be used first to present the data obtained through the questionnaires in the interviews, which will then make possible the analysis of the data in a more objective and quantitative manner as well as less subjective and qualitative way. A report shall then be compiled and presented on the fi nal outcome of the findings and analysis. 2. 13 Research Timetable and Budget (Project Scheduling) Research Time Table SectionChapterMonth/Period Introduction1Two weeks Literature Review2Two weeks Research Method3Four Weeks Data Presentation ; Analysis4Four Weeks Conclusion and Recommendation5Two weeks Research Budget Cost CenterCost Amount (USD) Typing and Printing$20 Photocopying$20 Internet$30 Traveling costs$50 Food Costs$30 Total$150 2. 14 Research Limitations ? The research is going to be limited due to the studies that will be going on concurrently with the research project and the time committed to the research project will be reduced. Time, unforeseen institutional disturbances at N. U. S. T. may delay timely completion of the research project. ? Lack of cooperation – there could be unexpected lack of cooperation from respondents, if any are to be involved in the project. ? Possible limited access to confidential information, which might be useful for the purposes of the research. ? Financial constraints – The research could be affected by the writer’ s limited funds to fully meet all due costs to be incurred during the research 2. 15 Source Referencing The â€Å"According to â€Å"Kararach G, Kadenge P, and Guvheya G, (2010). CURRENCY REFORMS IN ZIMBABWE: AN ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE CURRENCY REGIMES,† will be used. 2. 16 Bibliography (a) Books The Harvard way of referencing shall be employed (b) Journals The â€Å"According to â€Å"Kararach G, Kadenge P, and Guvheya G, (2010). CURRENCY REFORMS IN ZIMBABWE: AN ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE CURRENCY REGIMES,† will be used. ———————– [1] (Acting Minister of Finance, Cde Patrick Chinamasa on Budget Presentation to Parliament on 29 January 2009. ) [2] Ibid. ; Biti, T. ‘Statement on the 2009 Budget’, Presented to the Parliament of Zimbabwe by the Minister of Finance, 17 March 2009, http://www. zimtreasury. org [3] Hyper-inflation is defined by Hanke (2008) as a situation where the year- on- year rate of inflation breaches the 12,875 percent mark. Zimbabwe began to hyper-inflate in 2007 and hyper-inflation was officia lly reported by the Zimbabwe Central Statistical Office to have peaked at 231 million percent in July 2008. [4] http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/hyperinflation. html [5] http://www. answers. com/topic/dollarization#ixzz2BXaOhuVJ ———————– 1 How to cite Was Dollarization a Success in Zimbabwe, Papers

Zoo Respiration free essay sample

The process of breathing Air has much more oxygen than water (20% vs. 0. %) Gas effuses more rapidly in air; water is much more dense and viscous Therefore aquatic animals are highly efficient at extracting oxygen form water However, they must expend much more energy to do so (up to 20% vs. 1-2% of resting metabolism) Respiratory surfaces must be thin and wet so that gas can diffuse through an aqueous phase between environment and circulation (also to maintain cells themselves) Air breathers have adapted specialized investigation of the body to take in air Ventilation-mechanisms to move air into and out of the body Paginations gills) for water breathing Investigation (lungs and tracheae) for air Types of respiratory organs Direct diffusion (coetaneous respiration) protozoa, sponges, cnidarians, some worms Possible because these animals have large areas relative to their mass (and all cells are close to the outer surface). See where a circulatory system comes in? Larger animals (amphibians, eels) supplements breathing with coetaneous respiration Skins are heavily visualized Hibernating frogs and turtles can exchange all gases through skin while submerged Presence of gills can vary through animal velveteen All chordates have gill slits at some point Gills: efficient gas exchange in water Many different types of gills external extensions of body surface dermal paella: sea stars breaches tufts: marine worms, aquatic amphibians internal gills- fishes, arthropods lots of vascular- blood flow is opposite to flow of water across gills (counterculture flow) Propeller (gill cover) closes when mouth opens Water passes over gills and out propeller Counterculture exchange Maximizes transfer of oxygen from water to blood Gills must be continuously in water (I. We will write a custom essay sample on Zoo Respiration or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page E. N aquatic animals) or they will collapse and dry out Terrestrial animals require internal tubes to move air into the body tracheal systems lungs Air vs. water Much higher concentration of oxygen in air Gases diffuse faster in air; less ventilation and less energy required of the animal Internalizing the respiratory tubes minimizes water loss Breathing in amphibians: positive pressure Reptiles, birds and mammals use negative pressure: expand thoracic cavity to pull in air Frogs draw air into the mouth, then drive it into the lungs by closing mares , raising mouth floor and driving air into the lungs Mouth cavity is visualized; often frogs do not use their lungs Birds system has evolved to meet the demands of flight Birds have lost part of their digestive systems and make room for air sacs Mammalian respiratory system Properties of lungs Compliance- ability to expand when stretched Elasticity- ability to turn to original size Surface tension exerted by fluid in alveoli Surfactant helps prevent alveoli from collapsing RODS-surfactant lacking in the lungs of premature babies AWARDS- alveolar permeability and reduced surfactant Control of breathing; gas level detectors Why cant you hold your breath indefinitely? Partial pressures to oxygen and carbon dioxide Most 02 in blood is bound to R (0. Ml out of 20 ml/100 ml blood is d issolved in plasma) Increasing POP in blood increases rate of diffusion to tissues Arterial levels are significant because they reflect lung function Respiratory pigments help transport gases (metallic ion confers color and binds oxygen) Hemoglobin- copper ion; found in arthropods and many mollusks Hemoglobin- iron; vertebrates Oxygen is bound reversibly Hemoglobin and oxygen transport Loading (in lungs) disemboweling becomes snowmobiling; reversed in tissues Affinity for oxygen decreases in lower pH and higher temperature 2,3-EDP (unique to Ribs) also reduces affinity of snowmobiling for oxygen (this works if oxygen levels are low or in anemia) Net effect: favors unloading of oxygen into tissues